Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

I am Dr. Sneha Deshpande, Senior Consultant at Momstory by Sahyadri Hospitals, Shastrinagar, Pune. Today, let’s talk about an important women’s health concern — Cervical Cancer.

What is the Cervix?

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It plays a vital role in the female reproductive system. When abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in this area, it leads to cervical cancer.

How Common is Cervical Cancer?

• Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in India.

• The good news is that it is highly preventable if detected early and with proper preventive care.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer may show mild or vague symptoms at first. Some warning signs include:

• Repeated urinary infections

• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

• Bleeding after sexual intercourse

• Painful or interrupted urination

• Constipation or bowel issues if the tumor grows larger

If you experience these symptoms, it’s important to consult a gynecologist without delay.

Diagnosis: How is Cervical Cancer Detected?

1. Pap Smear Test

• A simple, routine test that helps detect precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix.

• Recommended once every year.

• If 3 consecutive Pap smears are negative, then testing once every 3 years is acceptable.

2. HPV DNA Test

• Tests for the presence of HPV (Human Papillomavirus), the main cause of cervical cancer.

• If HPV is positive, doctors recommend annual Pap smears and closer monitoring.

Who is at Higher Risk of Cervical Cancer?

Certain women have a greater risk of developing cervical cancer:

• Poor hygiene and nutrition

• Early sexual activity (before 18 years)

• Multiple sexual partners

• Multiple pregnancies (4–5 children or more)

• Lack of regular health check-ups

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

1. Routine Screening

Regular Pap smear tests are essential as part of annual health check-ups.

2. HPV Vaccine

The HPV vaccine is one of the most effective preventive measures.

• Nearly 90% of cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV infection.

• The vaccine is recommended for girls aged 9 to 14 years (before sexual activity).

• Provides lifelong protection if taken at the right age.

Dosage Schedule:

• Ages 9–14 years: 2 doses (0 and 6 months apart).

• Ages 15–45 years: 3 doses (0, 2, and 6 months).

Types of HPV Vaccines:

• Quadrivalent Vaccine – protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18. Cost-effective.

• Nine-valent Vaccine – covers 9 HPV strains, more effective but costlier.

Both vaccines protect not only against cervical cancer but also against penile, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers.

Treatment of Cervical Cancer

• Early-stage (Stage 1–2A): Nearly 100% cure rate with surgery.

• Advanced stages: Survival rates are still good with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer is preventable and treatable if diagnosed early. Regular Pap smears, HPV DNA testing, and vaccinationare the strongest defenses.

For more information and expert care, you can consult Momstory by Sahyadri Hospitals, Pune.