In India, the inability to conceive is often unfairly blamed on women. Medically, this belief is incorrect. Studies show that 40–55% of infertility cases are caused by male factors. Understanding male infertility is essential for timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and avoiding unnecessary emotional stress.
What Is Male Infertility?
Male infertility refers to a man’s inability to contribute to pregnancy due to problems related to sperm production, sperm quality, ejaculation, hormones, or overall health.
For pregnancy to occur, three key factors must function properly:
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Healthy sperm production
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Good sperm quality
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Proper ejaculation
If any of these steps are affected, conception can become difficult.
Key Factors Required for Male Fertility
1. Healthy Sperm Production
Sperm are produced in the testicles. If sperm production is poor or abnormal, infertility may occur.
2. Sperm Quality
Sperm quality is assessed based on:
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Count – number of sperm present
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Motility – ability to move forward
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Morphology – shape and structure
These parameters should meet WHO normal criteria for natural conception.
3. Proper Ejaculation
Healthy ejaculation means sperm and semen are released completely, in the right direction, and at the right time. Problems with ejaculation can directly affect fertility.
Common Sperm-Related Problems
Some of the most frequently seen sperm-related causes of male infertility include:
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Low sperm count
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Poor sperm motility (reduced movement)
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Absence of sperm in semen (azoospermia)
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Abnormal sperm shape or structure
Any one of these can reduce the chances of pregnancy.
Hormonal Causes of Male Infertility
Hormones play a critical role in sperm production. Common hormonal problems include:
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Low testosterone levels
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Disorders of the pituitary gland affecting LH and FSH hormones
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Thyroid disorders, which can impact sperm formation and movement
Hormonal imbalances often go unnoticed but significantly affect fertility.
Infections That Affect Male Fertility
Certain infections can damage sperm production or block sperm transport, such as:
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Mumps
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Tuberculosis
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
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Prostate infections
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Testicular infections
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage.
Lifestyle Factors That Reduce Sperm Quality
Modern lifestyle habits play a major role in rising male infertility cases:
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Obesity
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Smoking and alcohol consumption
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High-stress levels
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Jobs involving high temperatures
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Frequent hot water baths
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Exposure to pesticides, radiation, or chemicals
These factors can lower sperm count and lead to abnormal sperm formation.
Medical Conditions Linked to Male Infertility
Certain chronic medical conditions can also affect fertility, including:
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Diabetes
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High blood pressure
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Liver disease
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Kidney disease
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Cancer and cancer treatments
These conditions may interfere with hormone balance and sperm production.
Genetic Causes of Male Infertility
Some men may have hidden genetic conditions that affect fertility, such as:
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Klinefelter syndrome
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Y-chromosome microdeletions
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Cystic fibrosis
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Other rare genetic disorders
These conditions require specialized medical evaluation.
Sexual Health Issues Often Ignored
Many men hesitate to discuss sexual health concerns, but these can significantly affect fertility:
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Erectile dysfunction
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Low sexual desire
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Small testicular size
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Pain in the testicles
Ignoring these symptoms delays diagnosis and treatment.
Why Evaluating Only Women Is Medically Incorrect
Focusing only on female evaluation:
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Is medically incorrect
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Leads to wasted time and money
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Causes unnecessary emotional distress
Fertility assessment should always involve both partners equally.
Conclusion
Male infertility is common, treatable, and should never be ignored. Just as evaluating the female partner is important, assessing the male partner is equally essential for successful conception.
Early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and appropriate medical treatment can significantly improve fertility outcomes.
For expert guidance and comprehensive fertility evaluation, visit Momstory Sahyadri Hospital, Hadapsar, and consult a specialist.
